SPP1 and Cognitive impairment: From the 33 inflammatory biomarkers that were studied, only eight were significantly associated with cognitive impairment: activated helper and cytotoxic T-cells, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 and 10 (CXCL8 and CXCL10, respectively), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) and osteopontin (OPN) (Table 2A).