VEGFA and neoplasm: Additionally, VEGF promotes T-cell exhaustion, impairs dendritic cell (DC) maturation and function, recruits immunosuppressive cells like VEGR+ Tregs, MDSCs, and pro-tumor M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and contributes to an hypoxic and acidotic environment through the generation of dysfunctional vasculature (28–30).