TF and lung cancer: According to the pathological features of pulmonary fibrosis, researchers hypothesized that the peripheral region of the lung withstand higher TF, thereby increasing ECM stiffness and contributing to pulmonary fibrosis progression and lung cancer.590 Mechanistically, YAP responds to TF to activate mTOR/PI3K/AKT signaling to regulate epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration.591 In addition, ECM components and stiffness are also important regulators for pulmonary fibrosis.