TNF and colitis: In mice with DSS-induced colitis, gut inflammation worsened after administration of a ketogenic diet, which induced an upregulation of serum and colon inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, GM-CSF and IL-10), increased gut permeability, and decreased the expression of intestinal-epithelial-barrier-associated genes.