In addition to the antiviral activity, probenecid has been shown to diminish NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1b secretion by macrophages, and probenecid intranasal treatment of mice reduced influenza disease associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine production and cellular infiltrates in the lung, and provided protection against disease [10]; further, probenecid has also been shown to be an inhibitor of PANX1 [11], which mediates the activation of caspase-1 and the release of IL-1β induced by P2X7 receptor activation [12], as well as modulating the expression of ACE2 [13]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and influenza.