CXCR4 and infection: A direct comparison of the most-affected pathways associated with immune response indicated that infection of PIEs with G9P[13] led to a significant activation of several cytokine signaling pathways, including interleukin IL-3, IL-6, and IL-8; chemokines (such as CXCR4); molecules associated with different functions including immune regulation [“role of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) in interferon induction and antiviral response” and “N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) signaling in neutrophils”] (Figure 3).