TNF and colitis: In murine colitis models, the previous and during-induction administration of HL-TW-AST markedly alleviates clinical symptoms (body weight loss, colon length, and spleen weight) and inflammation (decreases the level of malondialdehyde (MDA, a stable metabolite of lipid peroxidation); increases the levels of CAT and GSH; reduces MPO, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; and increases IL-10 levels) more extensively than free AST.