AKT1 and cancer: Hyper-activation of one of these upstream effectors, such as PI3K, Akt, or loss of phosphatase and TENs in homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) molecules, triggers mTOR signalling cascade in cancer and plays a role in cellular proliferation, invasion, cytoskeleton rearrangement, metastasis, and cell survival and inhibits initiation of apoptosis and cellular autophagy.