Age, gender, race, region, educational level, income, number of packs smoked per year, weekly exercise, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, atrial fibrillation, history of heart disease, BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, other antihypertensive medication, depressive symptoms, and self-reported health status. This evidence concerns the gene ACE and atrial fibrillation.