In addition, they upregulate the expression of cytokines that are associated with immune response, including interferon-γ, TNF-α, IFN-g, IL-1, and IL-12, which inhibit tumour cell proliferation and induce their apoptosis, thereby exerting anti-tumour, antibacterial, and antiviral effects [23,37,38]. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is neoplasm.