Figure 1D showed that the average MPO activity increased from 0.495 units/mg of tissue to 6.163 units/mg of tissue (p = 0.0333). Further, qPCR demonstrated increases in the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (p = 0.0067) (Figure 1E) and CXCL1 (p = 0.0224) (Figure 1F). Finally, representative histological analysis revealed architectural distortion, active inflammation, and a greater than 25% ulcerated area in the distal colon during chronic DSS colitis compared to controls (Figure 1G). Here, CXCL1 is linked to colitis.