VCAM1 and heart failure: During heart failure, endothelial cells in microvessels display an augmented expression of molecules including P-selectin, E-selectin, intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which facilitate the migration of immune cells, for instance B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes, to cardiac myocytes [43,44].