At the same time, pathways activity of tumor-associated biological processes, such as DNA damage repair, proliferation (cell cycle progression and tumor proliferation rate), and stemness (RAMALHO stemness UP and 2019 PNAS stemness), were upregulated in cluster 1, while cluster 2 had a significantly higher enrichment score of interstitial activation pathways (endothelium, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and pan-fibroblast TGF-β response signature (pan-F-TBRS)) than cluster 1 (Figure 3B,C). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.