Microarray analysis using HDV- and HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells and PHH found that HDV, but not HBV infection, strongly activated a broad range of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs): IFN-β and IFN-γ; however, HDV replication was mostly insensitive to innate immune responses mediated by MDA5 and was not directly affected by exogenous IFNs after the establishment of the infection [95]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNB1 and infection.