TNF and obesity disorder: As reported by Martens et al. [49], obesity should be considered as a condition inducing a hyper-inflammatory state, which may lead to changes of T-lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage characterized by higher pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including IL-1, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein, and adipokines, which may increase gingival inflammation.