TNF and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Thus, our findings of increased proinflammatory cytokine levels in ASD (i.e., IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8) and ADHD (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) adolescents with respect to sex could offer a way of achieving targeted therapeutic interventions that could contribute to personalized medicine in both neurodevelopmental disorders.