TNF and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Interestingly, while in the ADHD group enhanced peripheral proinflammatory activity was found within both sexes, although showing to be more pronounced in males, compared to control subjects (i.e., increased levels of TNF-α and proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory ratio in adolescent ADHD females compared to control females and increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and M1 profile in adolescent ADHD males compared to control males), in the ASD group, significantly increased proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 was revealed only in adolescent ASD males when compared to control males.