TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In this study, we used cell models including non-small-cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines because patients with advanced lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma express abundant levels of TGFβ ligands and IL-6 in serum, and the TGFβ–IL-6 axis correlates to the tumor development, invasion, and chemoresistance [40,41,42,43,44,45].