Whilst the authors demonstrated that this was due to the increased expression of SDF-1α, Pim-1 has been shown to positively regulate CXCR4 signalling in other cell types [97], indicating the potential to target the kinase to prevent CXCR4-mediated VSMC proliferation during hyperglycaemia. The gene discussed is CXCR4; the disease is Hyperglycemia.