While ICIs as a standalone treatment for NSCLC have limited efficacy, studies suggest that IL-1β and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways may work synergistically as targets for NSCLC treatment due to the notable correlations and intersection between IL-1β and PD-1 expression (Figure 3) [88]. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.