In order to gain a better perspective of the LMD TME, researchers from H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute recently established a preclinical model by growing patient-derived CSF circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in vitro and in vivo [27]: CTCs from the CSF of LMD patients were detected by an adapted version of the CellSearch® platform, using the CELLTRACKS Circulating Melanoma Cell Kit and cultured ex vivo in human meningeal cell-conditioned medium (containing secreted growth factors, GM-CSF, and VEGF-A). Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.