TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In particular, in the skeletal muscle of symptomatic and end-stage SOD1(G93A) rats, an increase in CD11b, CD68 microglial inflammatory marker and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, and TNF-α, along with a strong expression of glial fibrillar acid protein and nestin near the NMJs, has been observed, suggesting a possible implication of peripheral macrophages in ALS [75].