Further proteomic analysis demonstrated increased levels of complement C3 and C9 in urinary extracellular vesicles derived from ADPKD patients with or without progressive CKD and increased levels of envoplakin, periplakin, and villin-1 only in exosomes from ADPKD patients with progressive CKD [175]. Here, VIL1 is linked to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.