HIF1A and colitis: Additionally, a biomarker for the depleting state of physiological hypoxia caused by the interaction between the microbiome effect and epithelial integrity called HIF-1α was analyzed by immunoblotting, showing that HIF-1α expression was significantly higher in the HR group than the colitis DSS group (p < 0.01) in line with the results regarding microbial-derived SCFA (Figure 4B,C).