NPM1 and acute myeloid leukemia: According to the results of exome sequencing studies, it was proposed that in NPM1-mut-persistent patients, an NPM1-mut clone survived chemotherapy, showed additional mutational evolution, and subsequently acquired a growth advantage, causing relapse; in NPM1-mut patients relapsing with NPM1-WT AML, the initial NPM1-mut clone is eradicated by chemotherapy and the relapse is ensured by a surviving clone with preleukemic mutations acquiring new mutations and leukemic properties [34,35].