Because NK cells become deactivated by TGF-β in the immune-suppressive TME of GBM [138], these cells are co-administered with IL-2 and a TGF-βR1 inhibitor (NCT05400122) or are genetically modified so that the TGF-βR is deleted (NCT04991870) in ongoing clinical trials for colorectal adenocarcinoma and GBM patients, respectively. The gene discussed is IL2; the disease is glioblastoma.