GNAS and neoplasm: Thus, RAS, RAF, EGFR/ERBB, and FGFR gene families, and MET, KIT/cKIT, MYC/c-MYC, PLCG2, TP53, AKT1, ITGA11, PIK3C2B, PIK3CA, PTEN, CDKN1B, CDKN2A, RB1, JAK3, APC, AXIN1, and TCF7L2 genes are involved principally in cell proliferation; the RHOA gene, in cell survival and tumor invasiveness/metastasis; GNA11, GNAS, EP300, CPB/CREBBP, KDR/VEGFR2, NOTCH1, NOTCH3, NOTCH4, and FLT1/VEGFR1 genes, in angiogenesis; and SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMADA, TGFBR1, and TGFBR2 genes, in acquiring insensitivity to anti-growth signals.