TGFB1 and neoplasm: Both genes have high sequence similarity, the proteins exhibiting 63% amino acid sequence homology [118,120] and have partially overlapping regulatory functions, functioning as co-activators of HIF1A–Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, which stimulates angiogenesis and tumor growth via the HIF-1–VEGF–TGFB signaling pathway.