INS and Hyperglycemia: Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic disorder featuring hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and dysfunctional insulin secretion [43] The disease condition is accompanied by severe and debilitating comorbidities, including microvascular diseases: diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, as well as macrovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular diseases.