To elucidate the role of IL-6 and IL-33 in activating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, primary VICs/myofibroblasts from AS patients were incubated with recombinant IL-6 (100 ng/mL) and IL-33 (100 ng/mL) for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Here, IL33 is linked to aortic valve stenosis.