Manfrevola et al. (2021) [37] took their research a step further by focusing on specific genes that have recently been associated with asthenozoospermia: CRISP2, CATSPER1, and PATE1. All three mRNAs were significantly reduced in B SPZ compared to A SPZ of asthenozoospermic patients, and then the researchers used bioinformatics tools to construct the ceRNA networks that potentially regulate the expression of these genes. The gene discussed is PATE1; the disease is Reduced sperm motility.