Purple et al., in their study of bioptic samples of duodenal mucosa and organoids (miniaturized models of organs), observed an increase in IL-1-β and IL-6 expressed by the enterocytes of patients with CD, both in the acute phases and in remission; moreover, CD organoids were shown to be more sensitive to inflammatory stimuli induced by Toll-like receptor ligand loxoribine (Lox) and gliadin peptide P31-43. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is Cowden disease.