VDR and cancer: Studies on cancer cells implicating vitamin D or its receptor (VDR) as an influencer have implicated it with processes including apoptosis, invasion, inhibition of inflammatory cytokine inhibition and regulation of microRNA regulation; yet, its relationship to cancer causality remains unknown due to inconsistent results that result from a lack of standardization for 25(OH)D testing methods or timing measurements, although vitamin D has a particular relationship with colonic tumor cell diferentiation and organoid plasticity [52,53].