Histological studies on human specimens indicated the proliferation of microglia in the optic nerve head from human donors with advanced glaucoma, including the lamina cribrosa, along with the upregulation of immunomodulating (transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 and prostaglandin E2) and pro-inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase) [90]. Here, TNF is linked to glaucoma.