In addition, enrichment in pathways for IFN signaling and cytokine ‘storm’ (e.g., IFI6, IFITM1, IL1RN, MYD88, LCK), antioxidant response regulated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/glutathione redox (e.g., CHST12, GCLM, GSR, NFE2L2, SOD1), and mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g., ACO1, COX7B, NDUFS4) indicated severe oxidative stress and inflammation in infants who developed BPD. This evidence concerns the gene IL1RN and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.