In addition, antimicrobial lactoferrin (LTF), neutrophilic myeloperoxidase (MPO), anti-streptococcus AGER and cathepsin D (CTSD), interferon alpha 1 (IFNA1), interferon induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM1, IFITM3), and the negative regulator of interferon response (NPIR) are likely to be important players in innate immune modulation of BPD pathogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene CTSD and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.