In addition, enrichment in pathways for IFN signaling and cytokine ‘storm’ (e.g., IFI6, IFITM1, IL1RN, MYD88, LCK), antioxidant response regulated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/glutathione redox (e.g., CHST12, GCLM, GSR, NFE2L2, SOD1), and mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g., ACO1, COX7B, NDUFS4) indicated severe oxidative stress and inflammation in infants who developed BPD. The gene discussed is IFITM1; the disease is bronchopulmonary dysplasia.