GDF15 and malaise: GDF15 has been identified as a criticalmediator of CINV; elevated circulating GDF15 concentrations correlatewith cachexia and reduced survival in patients diagnosed with cancer.34,35 Importantly, none of the current FDA-approved antiemetics used inthe oncology field successfully counteracted GDF15-induced anorexiaand malaise in rats,32 suggesting thatGDF15 may account for the lack of complete CINV control in patients,thus stressing the importance of developing additional treatmentsto effectively block GDF15 effects.