PPARA and hepatocellular carcinoma: Cyanotoxins microcystin/nodularin (MC/NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and anabaenopeptin (AB) were detected in HCC patient serum, and the differential levels of MC/NOD/CYN were associated with HCC-related gene expression as well as in the regulation of PPAR signaling and lipid metabolism, suggesting that MC/NOD/CYN may modulate HCC pathogenesis by alteration of the lipid metabolism or by regulation of hepatic steatosis [30].