We explored 40 non-malignant human thyroid disease tissues (six lymphocytic thyroiditis, four Graves’ disease, ten goiters, and 20 hyperplasias) and observed that the protein level of NOX4 was higher in Graves’ disease (100%: 4/4), goiters (80%: 8/10), and hyperplasias (70%: 14/20) (Figure 4a). The gene discussed is NOX4; the disease is goiter.