Licorice is one of the most frequently involved herbs in these herbal formulae or preparations against COVID-19, increasing risk for HDIs for anti-COVID-19 drugs (Lyu et al., 2021), and has been reported to modulate several CYP isoforms in vitro, including CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2E1 (Wang et al., 2013). Here, CYP3A4 is linked to COVID-19.