TNF and neoplasm: For example, IRF1 activates PANoptosis to prevent the occurrence of colorectal cancer (Karki et al., 2020; Gullett et al., 2022; Mall et al., 2022); the combination of IFN and a nuclear export inhibitor can reduce the volume of melanoma by upregulating PANoptosis (Gullett et al., 2022; Mall et al., 2022; Pandian and Kanneganti, 2022); TNF-α and IFN-γ combine to induce PANoptosis, leading to the death of 13 types of tumor cells, including colon, lung, and melanoma (Malireddi et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2022; Mall et al., 2022; Pandian and Kanneganti, 2022).