Out of the 16 meta-analyses with a random p < 10−6, 14 exposures were associated with an increased risk of either hrHPV incidence or persistence, or the increased risk of progression to LSIL or HSIL, CIN or cervical cancer (vaginal dysbiosis, HIV + , IBD on immunosuppression, Chlamydia trachomatis infection and co-infection with hrHPV, smoking and rheumatoid arthritis), while two exposures were associated with a decreased risk for hrHPV clearance (HIV + ; HIV + with low CD4 + cell count). Here, CD4 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.