Moreover, the addition of 2-DG to BC cells before co-culturing to block the enhanced glycolysis mediated by GPR81 also resulted in improved immune landscape reflected by increased percentages of CD3+CD8+ T cells (Fig. 5A) and decreased percentages of CD3+FOXP3+ T cells (Fig. 5B) in transwell co-culture system involving PBMCs and MDA-MB-231-GPR81-ncRNA, which indicated crosstalk between immunomodulation and GPR81-mediated reprogramming of glucose metabolism in BC. Here, HCAR1 is linked to breast cancer.