Indeed, antibodies neutralizing the PD-1 (Programmed cell death protein 1) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) checkpoints yield robust and durable responses for a variety of tumors, including melanomas, non-small cell lung carcinomas, and Hodgkin lymphoma1,2. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.