With the above supporting our approach, we identified themes pertinent to immune dysregulation in T1D: altered expression of the Th1-associated chemokine receptor CXCR3 and coinhibitory receptor PD-1 on multiple T cell subsets, as well as increased monocyte expression of HLA-DR (Figure 5), which we explored further as described below. Here, PDCD1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.