TNF and COVID-19: To assess if COVID-19 associates with semen inflammation, levels of different inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, IL-8, IFNγ, IL-10 and IL-17A) and peroxidase-positive leukocytes (i.e., neutrophils and activated macrophages) in semen from patients and controls were analyzed.