Finally, we sought to determine the utility of IRS status for anti-PD-L1 and/or chemotherapy benefit prediction by assessing the previously described three-group IRS status [where IRS-L is divided into IRS-Intermediate-Low (-IL) and Ultra-low (-UL) (20)] across a cohort of patients treated with anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy, chemotherapy, or anti-PD-(L)1 + chemotherapy in relevant tumor types. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.