CD274 and neoplasm: Given the generalizable nature of IRS for predicting anti-PD-L1 monotherapy across tumor types as validated herein, we also evaluated the utility of IRS for guiding anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy versus combination (with chemotherapy) in five relevant tumor types (NSCLC, TNBC, EGC, H&N, and SCLC) where we also had sufficient chemotherapy alone treatments to confirm the predictive nature of IRS.