The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-associated kinase (MEKK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are briefly phosphorylated as a result of PAR-2 activation, which promotes the growth of colon cancer cells by increasing the production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (138). The gene discussed is F2RL1; the disease is malignant colon neoplasm.