PTGS2 and colonic neoplasm: The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-associated kinase (MEKK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are briefly phosphorylated as a result of PAR-2 activation, which promotes the growth of colon cancer cells by increasing the production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (138).