One mechanism by which ethyl pyruvate (EP) reduced the incidences of streptozotocin-induced T1D was by increasing the level of CTLA-4 in CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ Treg cells, which also increased the expression of TGF-β and IL-10 (142) (Figure 3D). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.