They may ameliorate OS by controlling the production of ROS, improving mitochondrial dysfunction of β cells, scavenge free radicals, or enhance antioxidant defense enzymes and their related pathways, such as Nrf2 pathway, oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) pathway, and antioxidant response elements (ARE) pathway to improve OS-induced insulin resistance (Nishikawa et al., 2000; Giacco and Brownlee, 2010; Yaribeygi et al., 2020). Here, KEAP1 is linked to Insulin resistance.