ZIC2 can activate TGF-β, Src/FAK, Notch, Raf/MEK/ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, endometrial cancer, liver cancer, and ccRCC cells 28, 35-39. This evidence concerns the gene PTK2 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.