Following CKD, there is a reduction in mitochondrial copy number, expression of biogenesis markers (PGC-1α and TFAM) and mitochondrial fusion marker (Mfn2) while an increase in BNIP3, Beclin-1 and LC3II at protein and mRNA levels, indicating the formation of autophagosome [194]. Here, PPARGC1A is linked to chronic kidney disease.