Stefanie et al. [28] showed that radiomics features were correlated with the protein expression of the immunotherapy target programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (r = 0.41–0.47, p < 0.029) and the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) (r = − 0.48–0.47, p < 0.037), suggesting that MRI radiomics features can be used as noninvasive predictors of HCC immuno-oncology features, which can be helpful for the treatment stratification of HCC patients. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.